By Robert M. Hartranft, Jr., Consulting Engineer, Simsbury, CT 06070
Scott W. Hartranft, Test Engineer, Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton, OR 97077

 
Version date: 17 March 2010



It is common knowledge that there are two kinds of electrical charge: positive and negative, equal and opposite.

And two kinds of magnetic poles, usually called north and south, but again, equal and opposite.

And two kinds of rotation around any given axis, usually called clockwise and counter-clockwise, but yet again equal and opposite.

That same pattern of balanced positive and negative values holds for every physical characteristic with the apparent exception of mass, which seems to have only positive values. We hypothesize here that negative values are equally real, and offer "negative matter" and "cancellation" for the negatve particles and the elimination process with the corresponding positive particles.. (Note that ordinary anti-matter is very much positive mass, as demonstrated by the annihilation of an electron and a positron to produce two 0.51 Mev gamma rays. A positive mass electron and a negative mass electron would cancel to nothing.)



A briefer history of time

In this model, the creation event produces precisely equal amounts of positive matter and negative matter, meaning no change in the total mass present. Einstein contributes that the total energy is also zero:

E = mc^2

Newton contributes that positive matter attracts positive matter, and negative matter attracts negative matter, but positive matter repels negative matter:

F = Gm(1)m(2)/r^2

The net gravitational force is thus zero, allowing the extremely crowded nuclear conditions to produce a Big Bang, followed by early anistropy as regions of positive matter and negative matter segregate. There will be an immense number of such early regions because a perturbational region of majority positive matter is necessarily accompanied by a region of majority negative matter on its boundary, which it will repel, causing widespread stirring of the early universe. Spin evident in even early galaxies is another result.

We believe that these conditions clearly favor stellar mass range aglomerations over much larger aglomerations, resulting in many short-lived high positive mass or negatve mass stars, which will produce a correspondingly large population of positive black holes and negative black holes. These are likely the dark matter:so puzzlingly undetected in current surveys.

Black holes, be they positive or negative, are simply regions of extremely high gravity in this model, quantized gravity preventing any singularities.

As time progesses, the universe will consist of two intermeshed spheres, one positive matter and one negative matter, each now about 28 billion light-years in diametrer. The outermost parts will be bordered by regions which repel them, since they would ortherwise have merged. Accordingly, as observed, they will accelerate outward. The visible positive matter (including everything heretofore considered as real, including at least author Scott) will be arranged in forms which appear to have large gaps, here understood as locations populated by negative matter stars and galaxies.

Quantum gravity

We hypothesize that positive gravitons and negative gravitons are compound particles: a positive parrticle paired with, but slightly offset from the corresponding negative particle, thus having zero net mass, energy, and momentum, and randomly emitted by "source" mass continuously. When a positive graviton reaches a "distant" positive mass, it causes the distant mass to emit a positive mass particle along the direction of the graviton, and the corresponding negative particle back toward the source mass, all somewhat in the manner of a laser. Both the positive particle and the negative particle will have momemtum (p = mv) opposite the direction of the souce mass, causing recoil toward it. This provides local conservation of momentum in gravitational orbits, as observed.

Of currently known particles, neutrinos best fit the characteristics of half gravitons.



Relativistic effects

At typical speeds, the chances that a partcle will interact with gravitons it has previously emitted are maximum at the point determined by Newtonian mechanics. This holds for large objects like the earth, but also for individual particles like protons or electrons because they are still immense compared to Plank scale [10^(-35) meters]. Inertial mass and gravitational mass are identical because they result from the same fundamental process:: self-gravity in one case, external gravity in the other.

Gravitons are zero mass particles in this model and presumably travel at the speed of light. As positive or negative mass speeds approach the speed of light, the probability of interaction appropriaty increases, providing relativistic mass change.



Inexpensive verification tests

If an optical or radio telescope happens to point at a negative galaxy, the negative photons should cause a stable dip in the flux of corresponding positive energy photons at that location by cancellation. This data may already be in hand, needing only analysis, which we earnesty solicit.



Some of the ugly stuff eliminated and conundrums resolved:


Big Bang mass and energy
Cosmic inflation
Early anisotropy
Early formation of stars and galaxies
Dark matter
Black hole singularities
Galaxial spin even in early galaxies
Warped space-time
Expansion acceleration in current era
Dark Energy
Local conservation of momentum in orbit
Higgs particle (sorry, CERN)



Who did what

Scott had the breakthrough ideas. Robert worked out the details described here, with many still to go.. Robert is Scott's father. Both are graduates of Cornell University; Robert in Engineering Physics in 1966 and Scott in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2001.